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Rodriguez, Rizal

Coordinates: 14°43′N 121°07′E / 14.72°N 121.12°E / 14.72; 121.12
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(Redirected from Montalban, Rizal)

Rodriguez
Montalban
Municipality
(From top, left to right) Eulogio Rodriguez Highway, Eulogio Rodriguez Ancestral House, Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario Parish Church, Espadang Bato, Wawa Dam
Flag of Rodriguez
Flag
Official seal of Rodriguez
Seal
Anthem: Mahal Naming Rodriguez
English: Our Beloved Rodriguez
Map of Rizal with Rodriguez highlighted
Map of Rizal with Rodriguez highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Map
Rodriguez is located in Philippines
Rodriguez
Rodriguez
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°43′N 121°07′E / 14.72°N 121.12°E / 14.72; 121.12
CountryPhilippines
RegionCalabarzon
ProvinceRizal
District 4th district
Founded1871
Annexation to San MateoOctober 12, 1903
ReestablishedFebruary 29, 1908
Renamed as RodriguezNovember 13, 1982[1]
Named forEulogio Rodriguez
Barangays11 (see Barangays)
Government
 [3]
 • TypeSangguniang Bayan
 • MayorRonnie S. Evangelista
 • Vice MayorEdgardo Sison
 • RepresentativeJuan Fidel Felipe F. Nograles[2]
 • Municipal Council
Members
 • Electorate201,452 voters (2022)
Area
[4]
 • Total312.70 km2 (120.73 sq mi)
Elevation
112 m (367 ft)
Highest elevation
487 m (1,598 ft)
Lowest elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[5]
 • Total443,954
 • Rank1 out of 1,489 Municipalities
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
 • Households
13,854
Economy
 • Income class1st municipal income class
 • Poverty incidence
7.37
% (2021)[6]
 • Revenue₱ 1,052 million (2020), 372.8 million (2012), 448.3 million (2013), 497.4 million (2014), 593.1 million (2015), 691 million (2016)
 • Assets₱ 2,391 million (2020), 443.1 million (2012), 523.6 million (2013), 645.4 million (2014), 793.2 million (2015), 1,042 million (2016)
 • Expenditure₱ 1,431 million (2020), 332.6 million (2012), 378.2 million (2013)
 • Liabilities₱ 1,154 million (2020), 277.7 million (2012), 169.2 million (2013), 177.3 million (2014), 294.1 million (2015), 375.2 million (2016)
Service provider
 • ElectricityManila Electric Company (Meralco)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
1860
PSGC
045808000
IDD : area code +63 (0)2
Native languagesSinauna
Tagalog
Major religionsCatholic Church, Evangelical Church, Iglesia ni Cristo
Feast dateOctober 7
Catholic DioceseDiocese of Antipolo
Patron saintOur Lady of the Most Holy Rosary

Rodriguez, officially the Municipality of Rodriguez (Tagalog: Bayan ng Rodriguez) and commonly known by its former name Montalban, is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 443,954 people[5] making it the most populous municipality in the country. Pending an affirmation through plebiscite, Republic Act No. 11812 repealed Batas Pambansa Blg. 275 and intend to formally revert to its original municipal name Montalban.

It is the northernmost town in the province and comes after San Mateo, Rizal, and Quezon City coming from Metro Manila. The town is located on the slopes of the Sierra Madre mountain range and it is the largest town in Rizal province with an area of 312.70 square kilometers (120.73 square miles). It is also the location of the Montalban Gorge that is associated with the Legend of Bernardo Carpio. The gorge forms part of a protected area known as the Pamitinan Protected Landscape.

The municipality borders San Mateo and Antipolo, Rizal on the south, Norzagaray and San Jose del Monte, Bulacan on the north, Quezon City and Caloocan on the west and General Nakar, Quezon on the east. It is one of the richest municipalities in the Philippines, ranking third in 2016 with an income of ₱691 million.[7]

Etymology

[edit]

The town's former official name of Montalban derives from the Spanish word monte, which translates to "mountain," in reference to the numerous hills found within and surrounding the town.[8] A common name for the municipality up to the present, it was its official name from its founding in 1871 until 1982 when the Batasang Pambansa officially renamed it to Rodriguez under Batas Pambansa Blg. 275 in honor of Eulogio Rodriguez, a native of the municipality who served as its first municipal president and Philippine Senate president.[1]

History

[edit]
Aerial view of Montalban, circa 1930s

Based on the 1954 journal History and Cultural Life of Montalban and its Barrios, what would then be the town of Montalban was formerly the barrio Balite which was under the jurisdiction of the town of San Mateo during the Spanish period. The town was then founded by Fr. Eustaquio of Pasig in 1871.[8] On another account, San Mateo, with its large size, was partitioned on April 27, 1871, when Captain General Rafael Izquierdo issued a decree separating the barrios of Balite, Burgos, Marang and Calipahan from San Mateo and formed them into the new municipality of Montalban.[citation needed]

According to the Executive Summary included in the Annual Audit Reports of Rodriguez, Rizal, the municipality of Montalban was founded on June 30, 1871, under the "Acta de Erreccion" or Deed of Foundation.[9] The town, including its poblacion, was initially part of the province of Manila, while its present-day mountainous central and eastern portion, according to old maps, was under the jurisdiction of the District of Morong.[10][11] The municipality was then incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal on June 11, 1901, by virtue of Philippine Commission Act No. 137, after having been a part of the defunct province of Manila.[12] Montalban was then returned to its mother municipality of San Mateo by virtue of Philippine Commission Act No. 942 on October 12, 1903. San Mateo served as the seat of government in line with the economic centralization.[13] Montalban then separated from San Mateo to become an independent municipality again by virtue of Executive Order No. 20 on February 29, 1908.

Historical marker installed at the municipal hall in 2009

In 1982, the town was officially renamed to Rodriguez under Batas Pambansa Blg. 275 in honor of the former Senate president and town native Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr.[1]

On October 30, 1997, rebels from the New People's Army (NPA), the militant arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines, raided the police station of Rodriguez before noontime, where they ransacked the armory, killed one police officer, and kidnapped Rene Francisco, the police chief. He was later released on December 5, 1997 in Tanay, Rizal.[14]

Proposed cityhood

[edit]

As early as 2018, the town's Sangguniang Bayan approved Resolution No. 60, Series of 2018 requesting the Senate of the Philippines thru its president, Vicente Sotto III and the House of Representatives through its speaker, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to co-sponsor a bill for Rodriguez's conversion into a city.[citation needed]

Proposed reversion of town name to Montalban

[edit]
Official document from 2020 bearing the town name "Montalban" instead of the official name "Rodriguez".

In mid-to-late 2019, before a formal ruling could be enacted, the municipal government under the term of Mayor Dennis Hernandez started to refer to the town as Montalban.

Notable examples were the discontinuation of the use of the town name Rodriguez in official documents, office names and correspondences, and the municipal government utilizing a modified municipal seal that indicates the name "Montalban" instead of "Rodriguez". In February 2020, a new municipal seal that bears the year 1871 as the date of establishment was used.

In April 2020, the municipality celebrated its 149th Foundation Day (Araw ng Montalban); in the previous year April 2019, at the time when 1909 was still the recognized date of establishment, the municipality celebrated its 110th founding anniversary.[15]

In response to the numerous requests from the town's native residents to return the town to its former name, on July 3, 2019 during the 18th Congress, Rizal's 2nd District Representative Juan Fidel Nograles filed House Bill No. 337.[16][17] The bill was later substituted by HB No. 8899 filed March 5, 2021;[18] it was approved by the House of Representatives on March 17 and was received by the Senate on March 27. It was introduced by Sen. Imee Marcos under Senate Bill No. 2258 on June 1.[19][20]

In the Senate hearing of the Committee on Local Government on January 21, 2022, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines did not pose any objection on the proposed measure and clarified that the proposed change will only apply to the municipality's name; structures and other features such as buildings, schools in the municipality dedicated in memory of Rodriguez are not covered by the proposed bill and should be retained.[21]

With further minor amendments, the bill was approved on third and final reading on January 31. The House adopted the Senate amendment and the bill was submitted to the president for his signature.

On June 2, 2022, Republic Act No. 11812, an act for the reversion of the name of municipality Rodriguez to Montalban and repealing Batas Pambansa Blg. 275, lapsed into law. A plebiscite, having no final schedule yet, will be supervised by the Commission on Elections.[22][23]

Geography

[edit]

Rodriguez is a town of mountains. From its north to south, a series of sloping ridges, hills and mountains ranges adorn the town. In fact, around 27% of the town is occupied by mountains and slopes. The town's highest peak is Mount Irid, 1,469 meters (4,820 ft) above sea level.

Rodriguez makes up 26.23% of the 1,191.94-square-kilometer (460.21 sq mi) total area of Rizal, housing 11 barangays. Rodriguez's economic activities include agriculture and commerce such as the Avilon Zoo.

Elevation and slope

[edit]
The mountainous interior of Rodriguez
Coralline limestone along the Mascap-Puray Road

Rodriguez is generally very rough in topography, with 83% of its total land area composed of upland areas, hills and mountain ranges. The remaining 17% low-lying terrain and rolling lands are found at the south-western portion of the municipality, along with the northern portions of the Municipality of San Mateo.

The rolling slopes comprise the Marikina River Valley, where water from higher elevations drain towards the Marikina River and its tributaries at the south-western portion of the municipality. Elevations at these western lowlands range from 10 to 30 meters (33 to 98 ft) above sea level. The western portion of the flatlands gently rises towards the west, which is part of Quezon City.

The mountainous regions of Rodriguez are found at the central and eastern areas, with sleepy sloping ridges and mountain ranges, traversing north to south. The terrain in these mountain ranges has slopes ranging from 30 to 50%. Very steep hills and mountains have slopes greater than 50%. Rolling to hilly areas 18–30% in slope can also be found. These high elevations are drained by the Tanay, Puray, and Rodriguez Rivers.

Demographics

[edit]

Barangays

[edit]
Montalban Barangay Map
Map of Rodriguez (Montalban) Rizal and its Barangays. This is subject to the correction by Rodriguez LGU.

Rodriguez is politically subdivided into 11 barangays (8 urban, 3 rural) [24]. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

The barangays of San Isidro and San Jose are two of the most populated barangays in the municipality and in the Philippines.[25]

  • Balite
  • Burgos
  • Geronimo
  • Macabud
  • Manggahan
  • Mascap
  • Puray
  • Rosario
  • San Isidro
  • San Jose
  • San Rafael
Population census of Rodriguez
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 3,440—    
1918 5,201+2.79%
1939 6,402+0.99%
1948 5,257−2.17%
1960 9,648+5.19%
1970 20,882+8.02%
1975 31,176+8.37%
1980 41,859+6.07%
1990 67,074+4.83%
1995 79,668+3.28%
2000 115,167+8.22%
2007 223,594+9.58%
2010 280,904+8.66%
2015 369,222+5.34%
2020 443,954+3.69%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[26][27][28][29]

In the 2020 census, the population of Rodriguez, Rizal, was 443,954 people,[5] with a density of 1,400 inhabitants per square kilometer or 3,600 inhabitants per square mile.

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Rodriguez, Rizal
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26
(79) 		27
(81) 		28
(82) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		29
(84)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		24
(74)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40
(1.6) 		33
(1.3) 		35
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		138
(5.4) 		190
(7.5) 		242
(9.5) 		216
(8.5) 		224
(8.8) 		200
(7.9) 		114
(4.5) 		94
(3.7) 		1,564
(61.6)
Average rainy days 12.2 9.0 11.0 11.7 21.5 24.0 27.2 26.1 26.8 22.3 16.3 15.1 223.2
Source: Meteoblue [30]

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Rodriguez

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2006
5.80
2009
4.47
2012
5.09
2015
4.52
2018
5.62
2021
7.37

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]

Transportation

[edit]
A patok jeepney plying the route of Montalban - Cubao. They are known for booming music, bright lights and colorful and artistic designs.

The main transportation used in the municipality are jeepneys, tricycles, UV Express, and buses. There are jeepneys that ply through the towns of San Mateo, Marikina and Cubao in Quezon City via Marcos Highway, while some ply the route that leads to Philcoa in Quezon City via Batasan Road in San Mateo, others connect Rodriguez to Litex Road in Quezon City. UV Express vehicles ply the routes to Cubao in Quezon City and Santa Lucia Grand Mall in Cainta. During the 2010s, there were additional UV Express vehicles that serve the routes to North EDSA in Quezon City and Quiapo in Manila, and the route to Cubao operates via Marikina and via Payatas Road.

Formerly, there was railway service under the Manila Railroad Company that traversed the San Mateo, Marikina, and Pasig areas and had its terminus at Barangay Balitè behind the Santo Rosario Parish Church. It had been long dismantled and the railway line converted into roadway that now consists of the road aptly named Daang Bakal.

It is known that 'patok' jeepneys originated from this town way back during the 1980s. These jeepneys are known for their notoriety on the road. Despite this, they are popular among the passengers hence the name patók which means 'popular'. They still ply this town up to this day, most plying the Montalban-Cubao route via Marcos Highway. These jeepneys have already spread throughout the Rizal province as well as in Marikina since then.

The Marikina Auto Line Transport Corporation (MALTC) buses is the only one that regularly travels to farther places like Makati and Parañaque. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) implemented a route rationalization system for city buses. Currently, a city bus route connects Montalban with the capital city of Manila and Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange.

The proposed San Mateo Railway will connect the municipality of Rodriguez to the Light Rail Transit Line 2, in which 6 stations are in development.[39][40]

Government

[edit]
Main article: Sangguniang Bayan
Rodriguez Municipal Hall

List of former chief executives

[edit]

[41]

  Indicates a municipal president.
  Indicates a mayoral term during the Japanese Occupation
No Entered office Exited office Name
1 1909 1916 Eulogio Rodriguez
2 1916 1919 Eusebio Manuel
3 1919 1928 Gregorio Bautista
4 1928 1932 Jose Rodriguez
5 1932 1936 Roman Reyes
6 1936 1940 Jacinto Bautista
7 1940 1942 Francisco Rodriguez
8 1942 1944 Federico San Juan
9 1944 1945 Felix Salen
10 1945 1945 Gavino Cruz
11 1945 1946 Francisco Rodriguez
12 1946 1947 Catalino Bautista
13 1947 1947 Macario Bautista
14 1947 1959 Benigno Liamzon
15 1960 1960 Guillermo Cruz Sr.
16 1960 1984 Teodoro Rodriguez
17 1984 1987 Pablo Adriano
18 1988 1993 Angelito Manuel
19 1993 1995 Ernesto Villanueva
20 1995 1998 Pedro Cuerpo
21 1998 2001 Rafaelito San Diego
22 2001 2010 Pedro Cuerpo
23 2010 2019 Cecilio Hernandez
24 2019 2022 Dennis Hernandez
25 2022 Incumbent Ronnie Evangelista

Hospitals

[edit]
  • H Vill Hospital
  • N. Medcare Hospital
  • St. Mark Hospital
  • Montalban Infirmary
  • Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial Hospital

Education

[edit]

There are numerous elementary and high schools, both public and private, offering primary, secondary and tertiary education in the town of Rodriguez. There are also colleges and institutions that offer graduate and undergraduate programs in town.

Tourism

[edit]
[edit]
  • Montalban Gorge (Pamitinan Protected Landscape)
    Montalban Gorge (Pamitinan Protected Landscape)
  • Wawa Dam
    Wawa Dam
  • Mount Mataba, one of the rolling hills in the Marikina Valley
    Mount Mataba, one of the rolling hills in the Marikina Valley
  • Espadang Bato
    Espadang Bato
  • Rodriguez Municipal Gymnasium
    Rodriguez Municipal Gymnasium
  • Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario Parish Church
    Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario Parish Church
  • Rodriguez Ancestral House
    Rodriguez Ancestral House
  • Licerio Geronimo Memorial
    Licerio Geronimo Memorial
  • Public market
    Public market
  • Casimiro A. Ynares, Sr. Memorial Medical Center
    Casimiro A. Ynares, Sr. Memorial Medical Center
  • Puray Elementary School in barangay Puray
    Puray Elementary School in barangay Puray
  • Rodriguez permanent evacuation center
    Rodriguez permanent evacuation center

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Batas Pambansa Blg. 275 (November 12, 1982), An Act Changing the Name of the Municipality of Montalban, Province of Rizal, to the Municipality of Rodriguez, retrieved August 5, 2019
  2. ^ Dominguez-Cargullo, Dona (May 14, 2019). "Mga nagwaging kandidato sa Rodriguez, Rizal naiproklama na". Philippine Daily Inquirer (in Filipino). Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  3. ^  Municipality of Rodriguez | (DILG)
  4. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  6. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  7. ^ Commission On Audit's Annual Financial Report
  8. ^ a b Torres, Ceferino; Mariano, Encarnacion; Cruz, Josefina; Bautista, Cecilia (1954). "History and Cultural Life of Montalban and its Barrios" (JPG, PDF). National Library of the Philippines Techno Aklatan. Manila, Philippines. National Library of the Philippines. p. 1. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  9. ^ Rodriguez, Rizal 2012 Annual Audit Report
  10. ^ P. Jose Algue, S.J. (1899). Atlas de Filipinas (Map). 56th Congress, 1st Session. Sen. Doc. #138. p. 9. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  11. ^ Brown, Austin H. (1900). Provinces of Manila, Morong, and Infanta (Map). 1:200m000. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  12. ^ Act No. 137 (June 11, 1901), An Act extending the provisions of "the provincial government act" to the province of Rizal, retrieved August 5, 2019
  13. ^ Act No. 942 (October 12, 1903), An Act reducing the thirty-two municipalities of the Province of Rizal to fifteen, retrieved August 5, 2019
  14. ^ "Captured Police Chief Rene Francisco kisses his wife Teresita as he holds his son Remsie[...]". Alamy. Alamy Ltd. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  15. ^ Bayan ng Montalban Executive Order No. DLH-041, Series of 2020 : “Implementing Guidelines For The Precautionary Measures And Management In The Containment Of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) And Other Emerging Infectious Diseases In The Municipality Of Montalban, Rizal”. Retrieved January 25, 2021. Scanned article archived in File:Municipality of Rodriguez (Montalban) Executive Order DLH-041 S-2020, Header detail.jpg
  16. ^ Roxas, Pathricia Ann (July 3, 2019). "Time for Rizal town of 'Montalban' to reclaim original name, says solon". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Manila, Philippines. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  17. ^ House Bill No. 337 (July 1, 2019), An Act Renaming the Municipality of Rodriguez to the Municipality of Montalban (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2020
  18. ^ House Bill No. 8899 (March 5, 2021), An Act Renaming the Municipality of Rodriguez in the Province of Rizal as the Municipality of Montalban (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022
  19. ^ Senate Bill No. 2258 (June 1, 2021), An Act Renaming the Municipality of Rodriguez in the Province of Rizal as the Municipality of Montalban
  20. ^ "Notice from the Senate" (PDF). December 14, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  21. ^ Committee Hearing on Local Government, January 21, 2022 stream through Facebook
  22. ^ Republic Act No. 11812 (June 2, 2022), "An Act Renaming the Municipality of Rodriguez in the Province of Rizal as the Municipality of Montalban, Repealing for the Purpose Batas Pambansa Blg. 275", Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, retrieved June 29, 2022
  23. ^ Parrocha, Azer (June 28, 2022). "Bill dividing QC barangay into 3 lapses into law". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  24. ^ "Province: Rizal". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  25. ^ "Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population | Philippine Statistics Authority".
  26. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  27. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  28. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  29. ^ "Province of Rizal". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  30. ^ "Rodriguez: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  31. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  32. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  33. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.
  34. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.
  35. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
  36. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
  37. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  38. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  39. ^ Piad, Tyrone Jasper C. (July 26, 2023). "Government lines up several railway projects nationwide". INQUIRER.net.
  40. ^ "San Mateo Railway Project | PPP Center". ppp.gov.ph.
  41. ^ Torres, Ceferino; Mariano, Encarnacion; Cruz, Josefina; Bautista, Cecilia (1954). "History and Cultural Life of Montalban and its Barrios" (JPG, PDF). National Library of the Philippines Techno Aklatan. Manila, Philippines. National Library of the Philippines. p. 3. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  42. ^ http://www.solitarywanderer.com/2012/04/caving-in-wawa-dam-montalban/ Caving in Wawa Dam, Montalban
[edit]
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