Thomas Robert Bugeaud

"Bugeaud" redirects here. For French ship, see French cruiser Bugeaud.

Thomas Robert Bugeaud M.F.
Bugeaud by Charles-Philippe Larivière, 1843-1845
Born	15 October 1784 (1784-10-15) Limoges, France
Died	10 June 1849 (1849-06-11) (aged 64) Paris, France
Allegiance	France
Service / branch	French Army
Years of service	1804–1849
Rank	Marshal of France
Battles / wars	Napoleonic Wars Battle of Austerlitz Battle of Jena Battle of Eylau Battle of Pultusk Second Siege of Saragossa French conquest of Algeria Battle of Sikkak Franco-Moroccan War Battle of Isly French Revolution of 1848
Other work	Agriculturalist, Deputy

Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc d'Isly (15 October 1784 – 10 June 1849) was a Marshal of France and Governor-General of Algeria during the French colonization.

Early life

He was born at Limoges, a member of a noble family of Périgord (Occitania), the youngest of thirteen children. He ran away from home, and for some years lived in the country as an agricultural worker. At the age of twenty, he became a private soldier in the Vélites of the Imperial Guard, with which he took part in the Austerlitz campaign of the following year. Early in 1806, he was given a commission, and as a Second Lieutenant he served in the Jena and Eylau campaigns, winning his promotion to the rank of lieutenant at the Battle of Pultusk.

In 1808, he was in the first French corps to enter Spain, and was stationed in Madrid during the revolt of the Dos Mayo. At the Second Siege of Zaragossa, he won further promotion to the rank of captain, and in 1809–1810 found opportunities for winning distinction under Suchet in the eastern theatre of the Peninsular War, in which he rose to the rank of major and the command of a full regiment. At the first restoration he was made a colonel, but he rejoined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and under his old chief Suchet distinguished himself in the war in the Alps.

July monarchy

He spent the fifteen years after the fall of Napoleon without employment, returning to agriculture and developing his home district of Périgord. The July Revolution of 1830 reopened his military career, and after a short tenure of regimental command he was in 1831 promoted brigadier-general (maréchal de camp). In the same year, he was elected to the French parliament's lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, where he showed himself to be an inflexible opponent of democracy. In his military capacity, he was noted for his severity in suppressing riots. His conduct as gaoler of the Duchess of Berry led to a duel between Bugeaud and the deputy Dulong in which the latter was killed (1834); this affair, and the heavy-handed suppression of a further riot, exposed Bugeaud to ceaseless attacks in the Chamber and in the press, though his opinion was sought by all parties in matters connected with agriculture and industrial development. He was re-elected in 1834, 1837, and 1839.

Algeria

Civilians suffocating by smoke into the cave of Dahra, method ordered by Bugeaud

Although he initially disapproved of the conquest of Algeria, his undeviating adherence to Louis Philippe brought him into agreement with the government. He embarked on a campaign to win the swift, complete, and lasting subjugation of Algeria. He was sent to Africa in as subordinate of then Governor Bertand Clauzel and proceeded to initiate his war of flying columns. He won his first victory on 6 July 1836, made a brilliant campaign of six weeks' duration in which he forced a battle near the Sikkak river against 10,000 regular and tribal warriors of Abd al-Qadirs army, and returned home with the rank of lieutenant-general. In the following year, he signed the Treaty of Tafna (30 May 1837), with Abd al-Qadir, which led to attacks upon him in the chamber, to the refutation of which Bugeaud devoted himself in 1839. Historian James McDougall argues in his History of Algeria that the treaty accomplished little for the French noting that Bugeaud by his own invention styled the amir a 'great vassal of France' and while tribute was initially requested Bugeaud dropped this only securing concessions that Algerian trade would occur only in French held ports, however this provision was flouted by French and Algerian traders alike.

There is also controversy about the language Bugeaud inserted into the differing versions of the treaty, in French article one read that Abd al-Qadir ‘recognised the sovereignty of France in Africa’. The Arabic text instead read that "the amir ‘is aware of the rule of French power" (ya‘rifu hukm saltanat firansa) in Africa’. McDougall argues on the basis of Abd al-Qadir's letters to Bugeaud negotiating the treaty that it cannot have been a translation error and the differing meaning of the texts constitutes duplicity on Bugeaud's part.

In addition to the formal provisions of the Tafna treaty, secret agreements made between Bugeaud and Abdelkader assured the amir that he would obtain army rifles, ammunition, the relocation away from Oran of the secessionist Dawa’ir and Zmala tribes, and the exile of their chiefs in exchange for a cash payment, which was spent by Bugeaud to further his electoral cause through road-mending in his constituency.

Battle of Isly, propaganda oil painting by Horace Vernet.

The treaty allowed the French space to prioritise other threats to their control over Algeria however Clauzel's failure to bring the wider war against to a Tunisian Bey who held part of eastern modern day Algeria to a conclusion lead to his removal and following a revolving door of other governors in 1840 Bugeaud was nominated governor-general of Algeria. Early 1841 he put into force his system of flying columns, a controversial but successful tactic known as "Razzia" at the time. His swiftness and energy drove back the forces of Abd al-Qadir from place to place, while the devotion of the rank and file to "Père Bugeaud" enabled him to carry all before him in action. In 1842, he secured the French positions by undertaking the construction of roads. In 1843, Bugeaud was made marshal of France, and in this and the following year he continued his operations with unvarying success. His great victory of Isly on 14 August1844 defeated a Moroccan army that attempted to intervene in Algeria so decisively that a effective civil war broke out between the Moroccans and Abd al-Qadirs and won him the title of duke.

Bugeaud died at 1 Quai Voltaire in Paris (commemorative plate).

In 1845, however, he had to take the field again in consequence of the disaster of Sidi Brahim (22 September 1845), and up to his final retirement from Algeria (July 1846) he was almost constantly employed in the field, by ordering in February 1846 to General Jean-François Gentil to organize the second campaign against the rebels of Kabylia. His resignation was due to differences with the home government on the question of the future government of the province. Amidst his other activities he had found time to study the agricultural characteristics of the conquered country, and under his régime the number of French colonists had grown from 17,000 to 100,000.

Counter insurgency strategy in Algeria and his legacy in military strategy

The Algerian Conquest in Context

Before Bugeaud there had been nine changes of governor in eleven years, politics in the metropole too was in flux with a coup in Paris only weeks after the initial landing in Algiers. France now a constitutional monarchy saw the composition of its legislature and its government change with political fortunes in a way that had not happened since the 1820 franchising reforms. Together these factors caused colonial policy changed rapidly, and in those eleven years French holdings expanded slowly from their initial coastal enclaves.

Initial French strategy was to fortify, garrison and thus ensure the obedience and loyalty of the native population. However this risked leaving each garrison - especially those in the hinterlands in a position of being so small they they could not simultaneously defend their position and conduct some manoeuvre operation outside of it for doing so risked weakening themselves to the point of risking being defeated in detail by Algerian fighters.

Indeed such events transpired at the Battle of Macta in 1835 where a French brigade was destroyed at the hands of Abd al-Qadir, the ensuring outrage provoking the replacement of the then governor.

Bugeaud's term as governor stands out both for its length in the conquest period, nearly seven years but also for his success. Where before French strategy revolved around garrisoning every new outpost, Bugeaud attempted to reconcile Algerians to French rule with great cruelty and violence but also self interest leading to some historians citing him as the beginning or an early practitioner of modern counter insurgency thinking and was especially influential in French military thinking in regard to colonial campaigns especially influenced where Generals Joseph Gallieni and Hubert Lyautey who were active in French colonial campaigns globally who innovated upon many ideas first set out by Bugeaud and subordinates in Algeria to create the 'oil-spot' method of establishing colonial control and gaining local acquiescence. Comparatively the 'oil-spot' method involved a much lesser focus on violence, destruction of property and coercion than Bugeaud's campaign in Algeria.

Later life

In 1848, Bugeaud was in Paris during the revolution, but his orders prevented him from acting effectively to suppress it. He was asked, but eventually refused, to be a candidate for the presidency in opposition to Louis Napoleon. His last public service was the command of the army of the Alps, formed in 1848–1849 to observe events in Italy. He died in Paris in 1849.

Bugeaud's writings were numerous, including his Œuvres militaires, collected by Weil (Paris, 1883), many official reports on Algeria and the war there, and some works on economics and political science. See: Comte d'Ideville, Le Maréchal Bugeaud (Paris, 1881–1882).

Homage and criticism

Streets and places have been given his name in the cities of Paris, Brest, Albertville, Auxerre, Lyon, Marseille, Périgueux. Attempts to change those street names have always failed up to now.

In 2021, because of war crimes committed by Bugeaud during the French conquest of Algeria, the municipality of Marseille decides to change his name of a school, and give it those of Ahmed Litim, an Algerian tirailleur killed during the liberation of the city in 1944.