Mount Warning
| Wollumbin | |
|---|---|
| Bundjalung: Wollumbin[1] | |
 Mount Warning as seen from the Border Ranges in New South Wales, 2023 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,159 m (3,802 ft)[2] |
| Prominence | 952 m (3,123 ft)[2] |
| Coordinates | 28°23′50″S 153°16′15″E / 28.39722°S 153.27083°E[3] |
| Geography | |
  Wollumbin Location in New South Wales, Australia | |
| Location | Northern Rivers, New South Wales, Australia |
| Parent range | Tweed Range |
| Geology | |
| Rock age | Over 23 million years |
| Mountain type | Volcanic plug |
| Last eruption | ~23 Ma |
Mount Warning (Bundjalung: Wollumbin[1]), a mountain in the Tweed Range in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, was formed from a volcanic plug of the now-gone Tweed Volcano. The mountain is located 14 kilometres (9 mi) west-south-west of Murwillumbah, near the border between New South Wales and Queensland.[1][3] Lieutenant James Cook saw the mountain from the sea and named it Mount Warning, believing he was the first person to ever see it.[3][4]
Shield volcano
[edit]Wollumbin is the central volcanic remnant of an ancient shield volcano, the Tweed Volcano, which would have been about 1,900 m (6,200 ft) above sea level or just under twice the height of the current mountain.[5][6] This volcano last erupted around 23 million years ago.[7] As the mountain's central vent cooled it shrank, forming a depression at the top that has greatly eroded.[6]
Today the vast areas that were part of the volcano include many mountains and ranges at some distance from Mount Warning, and include the Border Ranges, Tamborine Mountain, the McPherson Range and both the Lamington Plateau and Springbrook Plateaus. The erosion caldera formed since this eruption is easily visible around the summit and forms the rim of the Tweed Valley.
During the last stages of eruption, different and more resistant forms of lava that were cooler than those flows that created the shield volcano remained to form the current peak. The whole central Mount Warning massif was also pushed up by forces that remained active after lava eruptions had stopped.[6]
Ecology
[edit]A species of frog, the Mount Wollumbin hip-pocket frog (Assa wollumbin) is endemic to the slopes of the mountain.[8]
Aboriginal significance
[edit]Wollumbin is a place of cultural and traditional significance to the Bundjalung people and contains sacred sites, where particular ceremonies and initiation rites are performed.[3] The summit area of the Mountain is a declared Aboriginal Place under the National Parks and Wildlife Act.[9]
While now spelt Wollumbin, the Aboriginal word had numerous alternative spellings which are recorded in the historic record including; Walumban,[10] Walumbin,[11] and Wooloombin,[12] all referring to the same place. In 1873 reference can be found to the Mountain being referred to by Aboriginal people as "Wollumbin", signifying "big fellow mountain".[13] The Aboriginal significance of the area is contextual and dependant on direction of observance, gender, and status of whoever is telling the story.[14] Several different stories exist about Wollumbin including reference to the Mountain as the Warrior Chief,[15] a special place of significance for brush turkey,[16] and the cloud catcher.[17] Many more stories exist that are not in the public record.
The name Wollumbin refers to the whole of the central vent and its surrounding ring dykes.[18]
The Bundjalung people observe cultural and traditional restrictions forbidding the uninitiated from climbing the mountain, and, as such, ask that others also do not attempt to climb the mountain.[19] The government National Parks and Wildlife Service advertise this request and do not encourage climbers to hike the Mt. Warning/Wollumbin Trail up the mountain, but it is not forbidden by park regulations.[20]
Name confusion
[edit]In 2005 the name "Mount Wollumbin" was removed from a peak nearby to Mount Warning by the Geographical Names Board. This mountain is also referred to as Mount Ivy and Mount Dum Dum and was believed to be named Mount Wollumbin in error.[21] In 2006 the Geographical Names Board assigned dual naming to Mount Warning, to also be known by its indigenous name of Wollumbin. The name Wollumbin refers the whole of the central vent and its surrounding ring dykes.[22]
Etymology
[edit]On 16 May 1770, Captain James Cook was the first European to record seeing "… a remarkable sharp peaked Mountain lying inland…"[4] from a point of land he named Cape Byron. Just five hours later while sailing North, Cook was forced to change course to the East after encountering the dangerous reefs that run 3 miles to the East from Fingal Head, now named Danger Reefs (Inner, South, and Outer reefs).[23]
The next morning, Cook recorded:
"…We now saw the breakers [reefs] again within us which we past at the distance of 1 League [5 km], they lay in the Lat de of 38°..8' [later changed to 28°..8'] & stretch off East two Leagues [10 km] from a point under which is a small Island. There situation may always be found by the peaked mountain before mentioned which bears SWBW from them this and on this account I have named Mount Warning it lies 7 or 8 Leagues [35-40 km] inland in the latitude of 28°..22" S° the land is high and hilly about it but it is conspicuous enough to be distinguished from everything else.[4] The point off which these shoals lay I have named Point Danger to the northward of it the land which is low trends NWBN but we soon found that it did not keep that direction long before it turned again to the northward."[4]
Protected area
[edit]
The mountain is now protected by the surrounding Wollumbin National Park, and access is regulated by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Mount Warning is part of the United Nations World Heritage-listed Gondwana Rainforests of Australia.
Walking track
[edit]Over 100,000 people a year make the 8.8-kilometre (5.5 mi), five-hour round-trip trek to the top from Breakfast Creek.[24][25][26]
An ascent of the mountain takes approximately 1½ to 3½ hours (one way) and requires a good level of fitness. There are also viewing platforms at the summit. The total journey is 8.8 km (5.5 mi).[27]
In March 2020 the summit track was closed by National Parks NSW citing safety concerns, to be reviewed in May 2021.[28] However, in February 2021 documents obtained through Freedom Of Information revealed that the track and surrounding area has actually been secretly scheduled to be permanently closed.[29] As of August 2022 park authorities had placed a barrier on the access road several kilometres from the trailhead. This would add a forty minute uphill walk to the ascent for anyone attempting to climb the mountain; and the path on the mountain itself had deteriorated badly in places.
In late October 2022 NSW authorities did go ahead and ban public access to Wollumbin National Park, to be enforced with heavy fines. This was soon followed by a video posting showing a hiker flouting the ban.[30] There has been significant backlash in the community surrounding the closure. Many have argued that the track was closed primarily due to complaints from some in the Aboriginal community, not due to safety concerns and the track was in fact still usable.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Wollumbin". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
- ^ a b "Mount Warning, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Mount Warning". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
- ^ a b c d "James Cook's Manuscript Daily Journal for 16 May 1770".
- ^ Johnson, R. Wally; Jan Knutson; Stuart Ross Taylor; Australian Academy of Science (1989). "Eastern Australia Volcanic Geology". Intraplate Volcanism in Eastern Australia and New Zealand. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0521380839. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ a b c The Caldera of the Mount Warning Shield Volcano. [brochure] New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1990.
- ^ Knesel, Kurt M.; Cohen, Benjamin E.; Vasconcelos, Paulo M.; Thiede, David S. (2008). "Rapid change in drift of the Australian plate records collision with Ontong Java plateau". Nature. 454 (7205): 754–757. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..754K. doi:10.1038/nature07138. PMID 18685705. S2CID 4427792.
- ^ Mahony, Michael J.; Hines, Harry B.; Mahony, Stephen V.; Moses, Bede; Catalano, Sarah R.; Myers, Steven; Donnellan, Stephen C. (26 October 2021). "A new hip-pocket frog from mid-eastern Australia (Anura: Myobatrachidae: Assa)". Zootaxa. 5057 (4): 451–486. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5057.4.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ "Wollumbin | NSW Atlas of Aboriginal Places | NSW Environment & Heritage". environment.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "GOVERNMENT GAZETTE". Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW : 1843 - 1893). 1 May 1858. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "HISTORY OF TWEED VALLEY; THE WHITE SETTLERS". Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949). 1 November 1947. p. 6. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Aboriginal Names". Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949). 19 October 1946. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "OVER THE NIGHTCAP". Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949). 3 November 1923. p. 6. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Tweed Shire Council Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Plan" (PDF). tweed.nsw.gov.au. 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Corroboree, Planet. "Wollumbin, The Warrior Chief & the Turkey". Planet Corroboree. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Corroboree, Planet (16 July 2014). "Wollumbin, The Warrior Chief & the Turkey". Planet Corroboree. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Wollumbin Mount Warning summit track". NSW National Parks. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Extract - Geographical Names Board of NSW". gnb.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ Aboriginal call for crackdown on climbing Mt Warning [1]. Retrieved 30 April 2017
- ^ Park Brochure Park Brochure. Retrieved on 4 November 2015.
- ^ "Extract - Geographical Names Board of NSW". gnb.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- ^ "Extract - Geographical Names Board of NSW". gnb.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- ^ Australian Hydrographic Chart "AUS 813"
- ^ Introducing Mt Warning National Park Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Lonely Planet. Retrieved on 17 December 2012.
- ^ MacKenzie, Bruce (18 February 2021). "Summit famous for its sunrise view may be closed permanently". ABC News. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- ^ Forbes, Lauren (24 May 2024). "'Heartbreaking': Tourist industry furious as Mount Warning remains closed due to Indigenous heritage concerns, 'costing industry $50 million'". Sky News Australia. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- ^ Hema Maps (1997). Discover Australia's National Parks. Milsons Point, New South Wales: Random House Australia. p. 142. ISBN 1-875992-47-2.
- ^ "NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service".
- ^ "Wollumbin National Park summit, formerly known as Mount Warning, could be closed permanently". ABC News. 18 February 2021.
- ^ "Hiker flouts Wollumbin/Mt Warning ban in challenge to NSW government". YouTube.
External links
[edit]
- UNESCO World Heritage Listing
- Mount Warning National Park
- Mount Warning Map includes driving directions.
- Northern Rivers Geology blog Mount Warning.
- [2] The Caldera of the Tweed Volcano - original source.
Mount Warning travel guide from Wikivoyage